Napa Valley First People's History
For 10,000 years...Native people lived in “Talahalusi," the cultivated paradise of the Napa Valley, shared stories, continued their traditions, and thrived in their way of life.
The Napa Valley is one of California's longest inhabited areas. Archaeological surveys indicate 10,000 years of uninterrupted habitation. "It was a paradise - a cultivated paradise where one only had to reach out their hand to eat. A place rich in beauty, water and food," stated the oral history of Native American elder Jim Big Bear King.
Native Americans lived peacefully in pole houses, using clamshell beads and magnesite cylinders for money and jewelry. They processed obsidian into shafts, spears and arrowheads, which were used for hunting and export. Acorns, perennial grasses, wild berries, freshwater shellfish, salmon, fowl and game were their diet. These hunter-gatherers lived in a rich environment with a capacity for a dense, socially complex population of 35,000-40,000 people. They established large permanent villages with nearby seasonal resource and task-specific camps.
The Wappo (Onasatis) became known for beautiful fine-work baskets made of sedge with redbud and bulrush decorations. Feathers, clamshell and abalone beads decorated their gift and ceremonial baskets and the weaving was so precise that baskets were watertight. Women created the finer, more artistic baskets, while men traditionally made rough workbaskets for gathering and fishing from unpeeled willow.
The Wappo (Onasatis) became known for beautiful fine-work baskets made of sedge with redbud and bulrush decorations. Feathers, clamshell and abalone beads decorated their gift and ceremonial baskets and the weaving was so precise that baskets were watertight. Women created the finer, more artistic baskets, while men traditionally made rough workbaskets for gathering and fishing from unpeeled willow.
Post-European contact
1792Kanetychama, the great Native leader who lived to be 129 years of age, is born
1823A Spanish and Mexican expedition, led by Ensign Jose Sanches, is the initial contact with Napa Valley Native Americans; Father Altimura, a Jesuit priest, accompanies the expedition to establish a mission
1828Epidemic - first serious smallpox virus spreads throughout the region
1833-1835Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo is sent by Mexico to the Northern California territory, where he vigorously engages in "Indian campaigns" (wars against the Onasatis and Pomo).
1836General Vallejo and the Onasatis leader Satiyomi declare a truce after a yearlong war
1838-1839"Miramonte's Epidemic" of rapidly spreading smallpox Mid-1800'sThe Bureau of Indian Affairs begins a census process, and because it disregards the tribal names of Mayakmah, Mutistul, Mishewal, and Onasatis, the Wappo are declared nearly extinct 1851U.S. Cavalry march 250 Onasatis to Noyo on the north coast of California
1823A Spanish and Mexican expedition, led by Ensign Jose Sanches, is the initial contact with Napa Valley Native Americans; Father Altimura, a Jesuit priest, accompanies the expedition to establish a mission
1828Epidemic - first serious smallpox virus spreads throughout the region
1833-1835Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo is sent by Mexico to the Northern California territory, where he vigorously engages in "Indian campaigns" (wars against the Onasatis and Pomo).
1836General Vallejo and the Onasatis leader Satiyomi declare a truce after a yearlong war
1838-1839"Miramonte's Epidemic" of rapidly spreading smallpox Mid-1800'sThe Bureau of Indian Affairs begins a census process, and because it disregards the tribal names of Mayakmah, Mutistul, Mishewal, and Onasatis, the Wappo are declared nearly extinct 1851U.S. Cavalry march 250 Onasatis to Noyo on the north coast of California
1851-1856U.S. troops "hog-tie" 500 Onasatis and drive them to the coast and to the town of Covelo; some settle at Mt Konocti, creating a new Lilik·Wappo group
Early 1900's Remaining Onasatis force-marched with a promise of "relocation to a land base," but it is ten years before land is granted
1915Dry Creek Rancheria is established near Geyserville, forcing the blending of Pomo, Onasatis and Mishewal-Wappo tribes 1930Native Elders struggle to reinvest culture and language in young people, and cooperate with ethno-biographers to record Native history and recollections 1958Congress passes Public Law 671, known as the Termination Act, extinguishing the rights of the Wappo tribe and 41 other rancherias to federal assistance and land bases
1972Maidu-Pomo Elders Norma Knight and Jim Big Bear King establish the Suscol Indian Council to address archeological concerns in the Napa Valley Mid-1980s A Native American garden at Bothe Park in Calistoga is established in consultation with Wappo Elders 1987Senator Daniel Inouye, Chairman of Indian Affairs, spearheads Senate Bill 2144 to re-recognize "terminated tribes"
1915Dry Creek Rancheria is established near Geyserville, forcing the blending of Pomo, Onasatis and Mishewal-Wappo tribes 1930Native Elders struggle to reinvest culture and language in young people, and cooperate with ethno-biographers to record Native history and recollections 1958Congress passes Public Law 671, known as the Termination Act, extinguishing the rights of the Wappo tribe and 41 other rancherias to federal assistance and land bases
1972Maidu-Pomo Elders Norma Knight and Jim Big Bear King establish the Suscol Indian Council to address archeological concerns in the Napa Valley Mid-1980s A Native American garden at Bothe Park in Calistoga is established in consultation with Wappo Elders 1987Senator Daniel Inouye, Chairman of Indian Affairs, spearheads Senate Bill 2144 to re-recognize "terminated tribes"
1988Mishewal-Wappo begin reorganization and apply for re-recognition under the leadership of John Trippo
1990Laura Somersall, famous Wappo-Pomo basket maker, teacher, lecturer and linguist, dies
1992-1997Traditional Wappo-Pomo singers and dancers gather again in public sites throughout the Napa Valley
1994Wappo and Pomo Elders, the Suscol Council, and the Napa Valley College create a dedication garden to Napa Valley's First People in St. Helena
1996-1997Clint McKay promotes awareness of the Native American experience through his lecture series on the Onasatis-Wappo culture and traditions
1997-presentSuscol Council continues to promote cultural awareness through annual events: Pow-wow, art auction, and small venue lectures & films with the ultimate goal of helping to heal generations of colonial trauma. 2018 Suscol Intertribal Council deveops a workshop series to educate the public on the history and trauma of colonization on California Natives. The local high school removes its Indian mascot.
1990Laura Somersall, famous Wappo-Pomo basket maker, teacher, lecturer and linguist, dies
1992-1997Traditional Wappo-Pomo singers and dancers gather again in public sites throughout the Napa Valley
1994Wappo and Pomo Elders, the Suscol Council, and the Napa Valley College create a dedication garden to Napa Valley's First People in St. Helena
1996-1997Clint McKay promotes awareness of the Native American experience through his lecture series on the Onasatis-Wappo culture and traditions
1997-presentSuscol Council continues to promote cultural awareness through annual events: Pow-wow, art auction, and small venue lectures & films with the ultimate goal of helping to heal generations of colonial trauma. 2018 Suscol Intertribal Council deveops a workshop series to educate the public on the history and trauma of colonization on California Natives. The local high school removes its Indian mascot.
"The Wappo are a group of three similar-speaking people: the northern Mishewal (Warrior People) of Alexander Valley and southern Lake County; the central Mutistul group of Knights Valley and eastern Sonoma County; and the Mayakmah (Water Going Out Place) of the southern tidal areas of Napa and Sonoma Valleys." Their staunch resistance to invasion and cultural destruction earned them the Spanish name "Guapo", meaning daring, brave or handsome. In phonetic English, "Guapo" came to be pronounced "Wap-poe", but the tribe referred to themselves as the Onasatis - the people who speak plainly or "Outspoken People".
Ethnographic evidence suggests that the Wappo spoke a Yukian language with significant regional time depth. Moratto's California linguistic settlement history (1984: 543: et seq.) states that Yukian speakers controlled the north coast ranges as much as 8,000 years ago. Eventually, other Native groups moved into the Napa Valley, reducing the Yukian domain. Approximately 3,300 years ago, the Miwok gained a foothold in former Yukian territory. Later, Hokan speakers (the Pomo) expanded southward into Sonoma and Napa Counties. The Wappo re-established control of Napa Valley about 1,500 years ago, and their territory remained roughly the same until the 1800s.
After the Spanish and Mexican invasion in 1823, the tribes were nearly decimated by forced marches and smallpox. When forced to relocate to various missions for religious indoctrination, many fled to friendlier territory. In Alexander Valley, Clear Lake and Sonoma County, Wappos intermarried with other tribes, and blended with the European invaders. At present, Native Americans are reasserting the beauty and richness of their cultural traditions. California Native Americans have persevered and they have much to share with the dominant culture. One need only be still to hear.
Ethnographic evidence suggests that the Wappo spoke a Yukian language with significant regional time depth. Moratto's California linguistic settlement history (1984: 543: et seq.) states that Yukian speakers controlled the north coast ranges as much as 8,000 years ago. Eventually, other Native groups moved into the Napa Valley, reducing the Yukian domain. Approximately 3,300 years ago, the Miwok gained a foothold in former Yukian territory. Later, Hokan speakers (the Pomo) expanded southward into Sonoma and Napa Counties. The Wappo re-established control of Napa Valley about 1,500 years ago, and their territory remained roughly the same until the 1800s.
After the Spanish and Mexican invasion in 1823, the tribes were nearly decimated by forced marches and smallpox. When forced to relocate to various missions for religious indoctrination, many fled to friendlier territory. In Alexander Valley, Clear Lake and Sonoma County, Wappos intermarried with other tribes, and blended with the European invaders. At present, Native Americans are reasserting the beauty and richness of their cultural traditions. California Native Americans have persevered and they have much to share with the dominant culture. One need only be still to hear.
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Jim Big Bear King
Suscol Indian Council co-founder
Veteran and Native American activist
1931-2007
Not Your Mascot (2019)
Produced by Suscol Intertribal Council
Directed by Beth Nelson